Censoring refers to a situation in survival analysis where the event of interest is not observed for some of the individuals under study.

In this Statistical Primer, we’ll define three types of censoring often seen in survival analysis studies.

Censoring occurs when the information on the survival time is incomplete or only partially observed.

Censoring can have a significant impact on the analysis and interpretation of survival data. It is essential to appropriately handle censoring in survival analysis to obtain accurate estimates of survival times, covariate effects, and other related parameters.

There are different types of censoring in survival analysis:

  • Right-censoring: This occurs when a participant is still alive or event-free at the end of the study period. In other words, the follow-up time for the participant ends before the event occurs. This is the most common type of censoring in survival analysis.
  • Left-censoring: This occurs when the true event time is known to be less than a certain time, but the exact time is unknown. For example, if an individual is diagnosed with a disease before the study begins but the date of onset of the disease is not known, we have left-censoring.
  • Interval-censoring: This occurs when the event time is known to fall within a certain interval, but the exact time of the event is unknown. For example, if a person develops glaucoma in between visits to the optician but the exact onset is unknown, we have interval censoring.

Latest Resources

Tutorials

Simulation, modelling and prediction with a non-linear covariate effect in survival analysis

Let’s begin. There will be a single continuous covariate, representing age, with a non-linear effect influencing survival. We’ll simulate survival times under a data-generating model that incorporates a non-linear effect of age. We’ll then fit some models accounting for the non-linear effect of age, and finally make predictions for specified values of age. Sounds simple, […]
Read more

Statistical Primers

What is the Cox model?

The Cox model The Cox model, also known as the proportional hazards model, is a popular statistical tool used to analyse survival data. It was developed by British statistician Sir David Cox, and published in 1972. It has gained popularity largely by avoiding making parametric assumptions about the shape of the baseline rate in a […]
Read more

Tutorials

Joint longitudinal and competing risks models: Simulation, estimation and prediction

This post takes a look at an extension of the standard joint longitudinal-survival model, which is to incorporate competing risks. Let’s start by formally defining the model. We will assume a continuous longitudinal outcome, $$y_{i}(t) = m_{i}(t) \epsilon_{i}(t)$$ where $$m_{i}(t) = X_{1i}(t)\beta_{1} + Z_{i}(t)b_{i}$$ and \(\epsilon_{i}(t)\) is our normally distributed residual variability. We call \(m_{i}(t)\) our […]
Read more

Tutorials

Simulating survival data with a continuous time-varying covariate…the right way

In this post we’ll take a look at how to simulate survival data with a continuous, time-varying covariate. The aim is to simulate from a data-generating mechanism appropriate for evaluating a joint longitudinal-survival model. We’ll use the survsim command to simulate the survival times, and the merlin command to fit the corresponding true model. Let’s assume a proportional hazards […]
Read more

Tutorials

Probabilistic sensitivity analysis and survival models

Today we’re going to take a little look into probabilistic sensitivity analysis (PSA), and how it can be implemented within the context of survival analysis. Now PSA is used extensively in health economic modelling, where a particular parameter (or parameters) of interest, are altered or varied, to represent different scenarios and levels of variation. We […]
Read more

Tutorials

Defining a transition matrix for multi-state modelling

In this post we’ll take a look at how to define a custom transition matrix for use with our multistate package in Stata. The transition matrix A transition matrix governs the movement of a process between possible states. Within multi-state survival analysis, and particularly, the implementation of multi-state models in Stata, the transition matrix contains the most […]
Read more

Statistical Primers

What are competing risks?

Competing risks In survival analysis, competing risks refer to the situation when an individual is at risk of experiencing an event that precludes the event under study to occur. Competing risks commonly occur in studies of cause-specific mortality, as all other causes of death than the one under study might happen before the individuals “have […]
Read more

Statistical Primers

What is the proportional hazards assumption?

Proportional hazards Proportional hazards in survival analysis means that the rate at which an event of interest occurs over time for two or more groups or individuals is proportional over time. Specifically, it assumes that the hazard ratio, which represents the relative rate of an event occurring between two groups or individuals, is constant over […]
Read more

Tutorials

Joint frailty models for recurrent and terminal events

In this post we’re going to take a look at joint frailty models, and how to fit them with our merlin command. Importantly, we’ll also discuss how to interpret the results. Joint frailty models An area of intense research in recent years is in the field of joint frailty models, which has become the commonly used name for […]
Read more

Tutorials

Multivariate joint longitudinal-survival models

Joint longitudinal-survival models have been widely developed, but there are many avenues of research where they are lacking in terms of methodological development, and importantly, accessible implementations. We think merlin fills a few gaps. In this post, we’ll take a look at the extension to modelling multiple continuous longitudinal outcomes, jointly with survival. For simplicity, I’ll concentrate […]
Read more

Videos

State-of-the-art statistical models for modern HTA

At @RedDoorAnalytics, we develop methodology and software for efficient modelling of biomarkers, measured repeatedly over time, jointly with survival outcomes, which are being increasingly used in cancer settings. We have also developed methods and software for general non-Markov multi-state survival analysis, allowing for the development of more plausible natural history models, where patient history can […]
Read more

Statistical Primers

What is survival analysis?

Survival analysis is a statistical method used to analyse the time until an event of interest occurs. The key feature of survival analysis is that the outcome has two dimensions: – an event indicator (yes/no), and – the time spent at risk for the event All survival analyses require precise definitions of start and end of […]
Read more
All Resources