In this post we’ll take a look at how to define a custom transition matrix for use with our multistate package in Stata.

The transition matrix

A transition matrix governs the movement of a process between possible states. Within multi-state survival analysis, and particularly, the implementation of multi-state models in Stata, the transition matrix contains the most crucial information, defining which transitions are possible, between a set of potential states. As always, it’s easier to explain through examples.

Survival analysis

Standard survival analysis, with a starting state and a finishing state, is a multistate model – it’s just the simplest case. Our transition matrix for this is,

. matrix define tmat = (.,1\.,.)
. matrix list tmat
tmat[2,2]
    c1  c2
r1   .   1
r2   .   .

The rows and columns represent states, and the elements of the matrix represent whether a transitions between a row state and a column state is possible. Elements with missing values, ".", imply a transition between a row state and a column state, is impossible. An element with a numeric value represents a transition that is possible. Let’s label our states.

. matrix colnames tmat = "alive" "dead"
. matrix rownames tmat = "alive" "dead"
. matrix list tmat
tmat[2,2]
       alive   dead
alive      .      1
 dead      .      .

Much clearer. The only transition that should be allowed is going from row "alive" to column "dead", and hence we have one possible transition, which we index with a 1. My "death" state is known as an absorbing state, because once you enter it, you can’t leave, i.e., the transition going from "dead" to "alive" has an element containing a missing value.

Competing risks

Let’s extend to competing risks. I’ll assume three different causes of death

• Death due to cancer
• Death due to cardiovascular disease (CVD)
• Death due to other causes

Our transition matrix is,

. matrix define tmat = (.,1,2,3\.,.,.,.\.,.,.,.\.,.,.,.)
. matrix colnames tmat = "alive" "deadcancer" "deadcvd" "deadother"
. matrix rownames tmat = "alive" "deadcancer" "deadcvd" "deadother"
. matrix list tmat
tmat[4,4]
                 alive  deadcancer     deadcvd   deadother
     alive           .           1           2           3
deadcancer           .           .           .           .
   deadcvd           .           .           .           .
 deadother           .           .           .           .

which is hopefully starting to become self-explanatory. From the "alive" state, there are three possible transitions, going to each of the three potential causes of death. They are indexed uniquely, from left to right (note, these indices are used by predictms when we pass our transition models to get predictions from our multistate model. Of course, all the transitions from the death states to anywhere else are impossible, hence the rest of the transition matrix contains missing values.

Illness-death

The illness-death model introduces an intermediate state. Potential pathways include,

• alive -> ill -> dead
• alive -> dead

and of course observations may remain in any of the transient (a state that can be entered and left) states, at the end of follow-up. Our transition matrix is,

. matrix define tmat = (.,1,2\.,.,3\.,.,.)
. matrix colnames tmat = "alive" "ill" "dead"
. matrix rownames tmat = "alive" "ill" "dead"
. matrix list tmat
tmat[3,3]
       alive    ill   dead
alive      .      1      2
  ill      .      .      3
 dead      .      .      .

where transition 1 goes from "alive" to "ill", transition 2 goes from "alive" to "dead" (without becoming "ill"), and transition 3 goes from "ill" to "dead". This gives us what’s known as an upper triangular transition matrix.

Extended illness-death

The extended illness-death partitions the probability of being in the dead state into it’s components of dead without illness, and dead with illness.

. matrix define tmat = (.,1,2,.\.,.,.,3\.,.,.,.\.,.,.,.)
. matrix colnames tmat = "alive" "ill" "deadnotill" "deadill"
. matrix rownames tmat = "alive" "ill" "deadnotill" "deadill"
. matrix list tmat
tmat[4,4]
                 alive         ill  deadnotill     deadill
     alive           .           1           2           .
       ill           .           .           .           3
deadnotill           .           .           .           .
   deadill           .           .           .           .

Reversible illness-death

The reversible illness-death model allows recovery from the illness state, i.e., we get what’s known as a cyclic transition matrix. The structure is as follows,

. matrix define tmat = (.,1,2\3,.,4\.,.,.)
. matrix colnames tmat = "alive" "ill" "dead"
. matrix rownames tmat = "alive" "ill" "dead"
. matrix list tmat
tmat[3,3]
       alive    ill   dead
alive      .      1      2
  ill      3      .      4
 dead      .      .      .

where transition 1 goes from "alive" to "ill", transition 2 goes from "alive" to "dead" (without becoming "ill"), transition 3 goes from "ill" to "alive", and transition 4 goes from "ill" to "dead".

We can keep going…

There’s no limitations on the structure you can impose. The final example has an intermediate state and competing death states. Observations have the following potential routes:

• diagnosis -> cvd -> deadcancer
• diagnosis -> cvd -> deadother
• diagnosis -> deadcancer
• diagnosis -> deadother

with a transition matrix of,

. mat tmat = (.,1,2,3\.,.,4,5\.,.,.,.\.,.,.,.)
. mat colnames tmat = diag cvd deadcancer deadother
. mat rownames tmat = diag cvd deadcancer deadother
. mat list tmat
tmat[4,4]
                  diag         cvd  deadcancer   deadother
      diag           .           1           2           3
       cvd           .           .           4           5
deadcancer           .           .           .           .
 deadother           .           .           .           .

Note, we can define the same multi-state process with different transition matrices, they’re entirely dependent on how you order your states in the rows and columns.